Samuel P. Langley Collection

Samuel Pierpont Langley (1834-1906) was an astronomer, a pioneer of aeronautical research, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution (1887-1906). As a youth, Langley studied civil engineering and pursued this as a career until 1864, when his interest in astronomy led him to positions at the Harvard Observatory, the Naval Academy, the Western University of Pennsylvania and the Allegheny Observatory. In 1887, he became Secretary of the Smithsonian, and spent the following years in construction and tests of aircraft. On May 6, 1896, his Aerodrome No. 5, powered with a 1hp steam engine, flew nearly 3/4 of a mile. This flight surpassed by more than ten times the best efforts of any predecessor. In 1898, at the request of the Army's Board of Ordnance and Fortifications, Langley started work on another design - the Great Aerodrome, also known as Aerodrome A; however, two attempts at launching the aircraft in 1903 failed. In addition to his scientific experiments, Langley's writings include "Experiments in Aerodynamics," "The Internal Work of the Wind," and the "Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight," published posthumously. Samuel P. Langley died in Aiken, South Carolina, on February 27, 1906.

This collection includes information about Langley and his colleagues, as well as material associated with Langley's work. The collection includes the Aerodrome project waste books, biographies of Langley and his assistant Charles Manly, newspaper clippings, correspondence (Langley's, J.E. Watkins', and miscellaneous), manuscripts regarding Langley's aircraft, photographs and drawings, work requisitions for staff labor on the project, a sketchbook, specifications and measurements for Langley's experiments, and manuscript material from the "Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight". The National Air and Space Museum's Samuel P. Langley Collection was drawn from several sources in the Smithsonian Institution. Parts of the collection were separated at undetermined dates from the institutional records of Langley's time as Secretary (now held by the Smithsonian Institution Archives [SIA], as the Samuel P. Langley Papers, 1867-1906, Record Unit 7003) for several purposes: Design papers and notes from Langley's aerodrome project were used for restoring the Langley aerodromes for exhibits beginning in 1917. Correspondence from the papers was consulted when controversies arose between the Wright brothers and the Smithsonian, and over credit for the design of the motor built by Stephen M. Balzer and extensively modified by Charles Manly, which was used on Aerodrome A. Technical drawings of the aerodromes were drawn from SIA in the 1970s for conservation purposes. Other material was added to the collection over the years: Correspondence, memoranda, notes and label scripts from Langley exhibits from 1913 through the 1960s. Design notes and work records from Langley's workshop were stored with the aerodromes in the Museum's collections, and were later transferred to the Archives Division. Biographical material on Langley, and correspondence to the Museum on Langley and the aerodromes. Material from the foundation of the Langley Aerodynamic Laboratory in 1913. In addition to Record Unit 7003, researchers may wish to consult these Smithsonian Institution Archives' collections: Record Unit 31, Office of the Secretary, Correspondence, 1866-1906, with related records to 1927. Record Unit 34, Office of the Secretary, Correspondence, 1887-1907 Record Unit 7268, J. Elfreth Watkins Collection, 1869, 1881-1903, 1953, 1966 and undated. The Archives Division of the National Air and Space Museum holds the Charles M. Manly Papers, (Acc. 1999-0004). Manly was Samuel Langley's assistant in the Aerodrome project from 1898 to 1903.

The Samuel P. Langley Collection is arranged in the following series: Series I - Waste Books Langley and his staff used waste books - bound ledgers - to keep records of their work on the aeronautical projects, which Langley inspected frequently. Series II - Scrapbooks A collection of 18 scrapbooks containing newspaper and magazine clippings on "aerial navigation". Projects by Langley, Maxim, Lilienthal and many obscure experimenters are included. Other clippings are included in Series VIII and XI. Series III - Aeronautical Research and the Aerodromes This series consists of notes, data, drawings and memoranda from Langley's aeronautical research at both the Smithsonian and the Allegheny Observatory. Subseries 2 contains material used in various Smithsonian exhibitions of the Langley Aerodromes. Some additional material is included in Series XI. Subseries 1 - Design and Construction Subseries 2 - Langley Aerodrome Exhibits Series IV - Correspondence Letters and memoranda written by and sent to S. P. Langley and his assistants, C. M. Manly and J. E. Watkins. Additional correspondence is included in Series XI. Subseries 1 - S. P. Langley Correspondence Subseries 2 - S. P. Langley's Assistants' Correspondence Subseries 3 - Miscellaneous Correspondence Series V - Manuscripts, Papers, Articles Manuscripts, published articles and papers by Langley and others. See also Series XI. Subseries 1 - Works by S. P. Langley Subseries 2 - Miscellaneous Manuscripts, Articles, and Notes Series VI - Photographs Photographs, mainly of Langley's aerodromes. Additional photographs are included with Series XI. Series VII - Trade Catalogues and Ephemera Trade catalogues and price lists from various suppliers and dealers found stored with the Aerodrome A at the Museum's Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland. Series VIII - Miscellaneous Files Series IX - Flat Boxes and Oversized Material Ledgers, drawings, test data, publications Series X - Shorthand Diaries A collection of 37 notebooks containing notes in an unidentified shorthand system, dating from 1898 to 1902, with 8 notebooks bearing partial dates or undated. Series XI - Additional Material After the publication of the Langley Collection finding aid, two additional boxes of correspondence, manuscript material, drawings and photographs were found in the Museum's rare book room, the Ramsey Room. This material has been included as a separate series.

A Timeline of Samuel P. Langley's Life and Career

Aeronautical milestones by other experimenters are featured in boldface.

August 22, 1834	Samuel Pierpont Langley born to Samuel Langley and Mary Sumner Williams Langley in Roxbury Massachusetts.
1843	William Henson and John Stringfellow publish their design for the Aeriel, a steam-powered "Aerial Steam Carriage".
1845	Langley begins to attend the Boston Latin School.
1847	Henson tests a model of his aircraft.
1848	Stringfellow and Henson build and test a steam powered model aircraft. It has a wingspan of 10 ft (3.5 m), and it flies 40 meters (131 feet) before crashing into a wall.
1849	Sir George Cayley tests a towed triplane glider. In one test, it flies several yards with a local boy as a passenger.
1851	Langley graduates from the Boston High School; begins work as an apprentice with a Boston architect.
c.1852 - 1864	Langley works for architectural and engineering firms in St. Louis and Chicago.
1853	Cayley's coachman flies a glider across Brompton Dale, Yorkshire. The coachman resigns his position after the flight. Cayley conceives the rubber band-powered model airplane. Michel Loup designs a powered twin propeller monoplane with a wheeled undercarriage.
1853 - 1854	L C. Letur tests his parachute-glider design. Letur is killed in a test flight in 1854.
1855	Joseph Pline coins the word "aeroplane" to describe a propeller-driven dirigible.
1857	Jean-Marie Le Bris, a sea captain inspired by the flight of the albatross, builds a glider he names the Albatros Artificiel and makes two short hops, breaking his leg in the second. Félix du Temple, a French naval officer, flies a clockwork model aircraft - the first sustained powered flights by a heavier-than-air machine.
1862	Gabriel de la Landelle coins the word aviation, and later, aviateur - aviator.
1864	Langley returns to Roxbury. He begins work, with his younger brother John, on a five foot focal length telescope, which they complete over three years.
1864 - 1865	Samuel and John Langley tour Europe.
c.1865	Langley is hired as observatory assistant at the Harvard University Observatory, Cambridge, MA.
January, 1866	The Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (later named the Royal Aeronautical Society) is founded.
c.1866	Langley is hired as assistant professor of mathematics at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland. Duties include restoring the Academy's astronomical observatory to operation.
1867	Langley is named professor of Astronomy and Physics at the Western University of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. Duties include directorship of the Allegheny Observatory. His tenure at Allegheny will begin his work at the popularization of science through lectures and writing newspaper and journal articles.
1868	Stringfellow builds a model triplane.
1869	Langley proposes a system of standard time distribution via the telegraph to railroads and cities. The Pennsylvania Railroad signs on for the service. Langley joins a U.S. Coast Survey expedition to Oakland, Kentucky, to observe the August 7th solar eclipse. He observes later eclipses in 1870, 1878, and 1900.
1870	The Allegheny Observatory begins twice-daily time signals to the Pennsylvania Railroad's offices. Other railroads, businesses, and government offices later subscribe to the service. The income from the system aids the operation of the Allegheny Observatory and Langley's research work. Langley travels to Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, to observe a solar eclipse.
1870	Alphonse Pénaud designs his rubber-powered Hélicoptère.
August 18, 1871	Pénaud demonstrates his Planophore, a rubber-powered model, at the Tuileries, Paris. It flies 40 meters (approximately 131 feet) in 11 seconds.
1871	Francis Wenham designs the first wind tunnel; it is built by John Browning.
1873	Langley makes a detailed drawing of a sun spot. Famous for its accuracy of detail, the drawing is widely reproduced for many years.
1876	Pénaud and Paul Gauchot patent a design for an inherently stable steam-powered full-sized airplane.
1878	Bishop Milton Wright presents a toy based on the Pénaud Hélicoptère to two of his sons - eleven year old Wilbur and seven year old Orville.
1879 - 1880	Langley designs and builds his bolometer for the measurement of the energy of incident electromagnetic radiation.
1879	Victor Tatin designs and flies a compressed air-powered seven foot long model.
1881	Langley organizes an expedition to Mount Whitney in California's Sierra Nevada Range for solar observations and other scientific studies.
1883	Alexandre Goupil builds a bird-shaped unpowered airplane that briefly lifts off in a tethered test while carrying two men.
1884	The U. S. Signal Service publishes Langley's report on the Mount Whitney expedition.
1886	Langley's interest in aeronautics is kindled by a paper on bird flight by a Mr. Lancaster at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Buffalo, New York. Lancaster also describes making small flying models which he describes as "floating planes" and "effigies".
1887	Langley designs and builds his large whirling table at the Allegheny Observatory for the study of aerodynamics; begins aeronautical experimental work. He coins the term Aerodromics for the art of building flying machines from the Greek aerodromoi, which he incorrectly translates as "air running".
January 12, 1887	Langley is appointed Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
April, 1887	Langley begins to build small Pénaud type rubber-powered flying models.
November 18, 1887	Langley is named Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution on the death of Secretary Spencer F. Baird. He retains the directorship of the Allegheny Observatory, dividing his time between Washington and Allegheny until 1891 when James E. Keeler becomes director of the observatory.
1887	Hiram Maxim, an American resident in Great Britain, inventor of the Maxim machine gun, begins work on a large powered biplane test rig.
1888	Langley publishes The New Astronomy.
1889	The National Zoological Park is founded, due to Langley's interest. A site in Washington's Rock Creek Park is selected by Langley and Frederick Law Olmstead. The Zoo becomes part of the Smithsonian in 1890, and is opened 1n 1891.
1890	Langley creates the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory; its first home is in a wooden building behind the Smithsonian Castle. In 1955, SAO moves to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1890	Clément Ader completes his Éole, a full-sized airplane. It has a fifty foot wing span, and is equipped with a lightweight 20-horsepower steam engine of Ader's design and a four-bladed propeller. At Armainvilliers on October 9, the Éole lifts off the ground to an altitude of approximately one foot and skims the ground for about 50 meters (165 feet). Ader later claims a second flight of 100 meters in September, 1891; there is no evidence for the second flight.
March 28, 1891	First successful flight of one of Langley's rubber-powered models.
1891	Work begins on Langley's Aerodrome No. 0, powered by two small steam engines. Construction is halted before the aircraft is completed. Langley's Experiments in Aerodynamics is published by the Smithsonian.
1891	Otto Lilienthal, a German mechanical engineer, begins a program of flight research using piloted hang gliders of his own design. He and his brother Gustav will go on to design and build 18 gliders over the next five years, making approximately 2,000 flights.
1892	Aerodrome No. 1 designed and built. Not flown.
1892 - 1893	Aerodrome No. 2 and Aerodrome No. 3 are designed and built. No. 3 is powered by compressed air. Neither is flown.
1893	A 38 foot scow is converted into a houseboat with a workshop and launch platform for Aerodrome testing. In May, it is towed down the Potomac to a point near Quantico, Virginia, off Chopawamsic Island. In November Aerodrome No. 4 is taken to the houseboat for testing.
November 20, 1893	Test flight of Aerodrome No. 4 - falls in the water.
December 7, 1893	Second flight of Aerodrome No. 4 - falls in the water.
July 31, 1894	Maxim's large test rig rises briefly from its support rails during a test run.
August 1-4, 1894	Octave Chanute and Albert Zahm sponsor the Conference on Aerial Navigation in Chicago, bringing together an international assembly of aeronautical researchers.
October, 1894	Test flight of modified Aerodrome No. 4, using improved catapult. Aircraft falls in the water. Aerodrome No. 5, with a one horsepower gasoline burning steam engine, is also tested. It flies 35 feet for three seconds before stalling and falling into the river.
1894	Chanute publishes his book Progress in Flying Machines.
November 12, 1894	Lawrence Hargrave, an Australian researcher, links together four of his box kites, adds a simple seat, and flies to an altitude of 16 feet in the device.
1895	James Means publishes the first of his three Aeronautical Annuals.
May 6, 1896	Aerodrome No. 6 is launched from the houseboat's catapult; the left wing collapses and the aircraft lands in the water. Aerodrome No. 5 is launched at 3:05 PM and flies about half a mile in a minute and a half at an altitude reaching 100 feet - the first sustained flight of a heavier than air apparatus. In a second flight at 5:10, Aerodrome No. 5 makes three circles, climbs to about 60 feet, and is airborne for one minute and thirty-one seconds. The flight is witnessed and photographed by Alexander Graham Bell (box 45, folder 9).
June 1896	Chanute and Augustus Herring establish a camp at the Lake Michigan dunes near Miller, Indiana to conduct flight tests on a number of gliders - several of Chanute's designs, including his multiwing Katydid, Herring's copy of a Lilienthal design, and a Chanute-Herring triplane collaboration.
August 9, 1896	Lilienthal's glider stalls and crashes from an altitude of about 50 feet. Lilienthal dies of his injuries the next morning. His last words are "sacrifices must be made."
November 28, 1896	Aerodrome No. 6 is flown from the houseboat - it flies 4800 feet in one minute and forty-five seconds.
July 1897	Ader completes his Avion III, also known as the Aquilon. It features two 20-horsepower steam engines and twin tractor propellers, and a wingspan of nearly 56 feet. The aircraft weighs approximately 880 pounds. Ader attempts a flight on October 14; Avion III is unable to rise off the ground.
March 25, 1898	Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt suggests the military use of the Langley Aerodrome to Navy Secretary John D. Long (box 40, folder 10).
April 6, 1898	Langley proposes a scaled-up version of the Aerodrome for military use to a joint Army-Navy board meeting at the Smithsonian. He requests $50,000 to build a large, piloted version of his earlier designs. The proposed aircraft is called the Great Aerodrome, or Aerodrome A.
June 1898	Charles M. Manly, a Cornell University engineering student, is hired as Langley's "assistant in charge of experiments."
October 1898	Major work begins on the Great Aerodrome.
December 12, 1898	A contract is signed between Langley and Stephen M. Balzer of New York. Balzer is to design and build a 12 horsepower motor to power the Aerodrome. On the same date, Langley writes to the U.S. Army Board of Ordnance and Fortifications, agreeing to design and build a flying machine. He estimates a cost of $50,000 to build his machine.
May, 1899	A new, larger houseboat equipped with a turntable and catapult is delivered in Washington.
May 30, 1899	Wilbur Wright sends a letter to Langley at the Smithsonian, requesting material pertaining to aeronautical research. He says in his letter that he wishes "... to begin a systematic study of the subject in preparation for practical work." Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Richard Rathbun directs his staff to assemble a package of papers, including Langley's Story of Experiments in Mechanical Flight and Experiments in Aerodynamics. The Wright brothers receive the package three weeks later. They later credit the material they received from the Smithsonian with giving them a "good understanding of the nature of the problem of flying."
June 7 - August 3, 1899	Additional flights of Aerodromes No. 5 and No. 6 are made from the houseboat at Chopawamsic Island.
July 1899	Langley visits Ader's workshop in Paris.
July, 1899	The Wright Brothers build a five foot biplane kite.
October 2, 1899	Percy Pilcher dies of his injury after his Lilienthal-type glider breaks up in flight.
May, 1900	Langley and the staff of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory observe the May 28 solar eclipse in Wadesboro, North Carolina.
August, 1900	The Wrights begin to build their first glider, a biplane design with a 17 foot wingspan.
September, 1900	The Wrights arrive at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, to test their glider on the dunes. They begin test flights in early October.
1901	Langley creates the Children's Room, with exhibits designed to inspire interest in science, technology and natural history, in the Smithsonian Castle.
July, 1901	The Wrights return to Kitty Hawk with a new biplane glider.
Autumn, 1901	The Wright brothers return to Dayton and begin a program to develop their own fundamental aeronautical data, building a wind tunnel and a test rig mounted on a bicycle.
September 19, 1902	The Wrights complete assembly of their new glider and begin flights the same afternoon. And continue through the autumn. After an early crash, continual modifications improve the design. Wilbur writes to his father, "We now believe the flying problem is really nearing its solution." On their return to Dayton, the brothers file a patent on their design.
July 14, 1903	The houseboat is towed down the Potomac to a spot opposite Widewater, Virginia, about 40 miles from Washington.
August 8, 1903	The Quarter-Size Aerodrome makes a successful flight from the houseboat.
September 3, 1903	Work is begun on erecting the Great Aerodrome on the houseboat catapult.
October 7, 1903	The Great Aerodrome, piloted by Manly, is launched by the houseboat catapult at 12:20 PM. The aircraft is snagged by the catapult launch car, and drops into the river. Langley was in Washington, and does not witness the attempt. The wreckage of the Aerodrome is salvaged.
December 8, 1903	The refurbished Great Aerodrome is readied for flight on the houseboat, now moored below Washington at Arsenal Point at the confluence of the Potomac and Anacostia rivers. At 4:45 PM, the aircraft, with Manly at the controls, is launched. The tail assembly drags along the launch track, and the Aerodrome's tail begins to collapse. The Aerodrome falls into the river. Manly is briefly trapped by the wreckage, but cuts himself free and is rescued. In the aftermath of the crash, Langley is ridiculed in the press. Though the Army withdraws its support, Langley receives offers of financial support from businessmen to continue his aeronautical work. He politely refuses these offers and ends his aeronautical work.
December 17, 1903	The Wright brothers make four flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The first flight covered a distance of 120 feet and lasted 12 seconds; in the fourth flight, the Flyer traveled 852 feet in 59 seconds.
June, 1905	The Smithsonian's accountant, W. W. Karr, is accused of embezzling Institutional funds. He is later convicted and imprisoned. Langley holds himself responsible for the loss, and thereafter refuses to accept his salary.
November, 1905	Langley suffers a stroke.
February, 1906	Langley moves to Aiken, South Carolina to convalesce.
February 27, 1906	After suffering another stroke, Langley dies.
March 3, 1906	Samuel Pierpont Langley is buried in Forest Hill Cemetery, Boston.
May - October, 1914	The Great Aerodrome is refurbished and is tested on Lake Keuka, Hammondsport, New York; the tests are conducted by Glenn Curtiss. Using the Manly-Balzer motor and mounted on pontoons instead of using a catapult launch, the Aerodrome makes several short flights, the longest lasting about five seconds. Later a Curtiss 80-hp engine is substituted for the Manly-Balzer motor and a flight of about 3,000 feet is made on September 17. The Smithsonian Institution later displays the Aerodrome with an exhibit label that reads "The first man-carrying aeroplane in the history of the world capable of sustained free flight." This claim causes a rift between the Institution and Orville Wright (Wilbur had died in 1912) that is not fully mended until 1942. The Wright 1903 Flyer is presented to the Smithsonian Institution on December 17, 1948. Today, the Flyer is on exhibit in the Milestones of Flight Gallery of the National Air and Space Museum's Mall building; Samuel Langley's Great Aerodrome is displayed at the Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.

Langley Technical Files

The Archives Division's technical files are housed in the Archives-Library Reading Room of the Mall Museum. Material on Langley and his aerodromes are housed in folders in the Aircraft Series and in the Biographies Series. Because material from the Samuel P. Langley Collection is thought to have been transferred into the Technical Files, these file headings are included here. In the listings, "Images Available" refers to digital image files available through the Archives Division's image database; these images may be viewed in the Mall Museum and the Paul E. Garber Facility Reading Rooms (2008).

Aircraft Series Technical Files

Langley's staff engaged in his aeronautical work as listed in waste books, drawings and correspondence: F. C. Bache Laborer with the U.S. Fish Commission, then located at the Smithsonian. Carl Barus Formerly of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Weather Bureau. Hired in 1893 as a physicist; acted as the liaison between Langley and the Aerodrome project staff. Part of the crew on the houseboat. Louville Eugene Emerson Laborer. George L. Fowler An engineer, Fowler was hired by Langley to help design an engine for the aerodromes. William Gaertner Instrument maker. - Heed, Jr. Name found in a shorthand diary dated 1899 - presumably, a Smithsonian secretary or assistant. Augustus Moore Herring An independent aeronautical experimenter and skilled designer and pilot of gliders; hired by Octave Chanute in 1894 and by Langley as chief assistant in 1895. Herring resigned (or was dismissed) in November 1895 and resumed work with Chanute. In 1908, he competed with the Wrights for the Army Flyer contract, but does not complete a finished aircraft. Edward Chalmers Huffaker An engineer and aeronautical experimenter; built gliders based on the observation of bird flight; had delivered a paper at the International Conference on Aerial Navigation in Chicago, 1893. Recommended by Chanute, Huffaker was hired by Langley in December, 1894. He resigned from the Smithsonian in 1898 and went to work for Chanute. L. C. Maltby Machinist, 1891-1899; assisted in motor design and oversaw the Aerodromes' metalwork. Part of the crew on the houseboat. Charles Matthews Manly Graduate of Cornell University (1896). Hired by Langley and placed in charge of construction of the Great Aerodrome in 1898. Piloted the Great Aerodrome on its two launch attempts, 1903. Manly resigned from the Smithsonian in 1905. He served as a consulting aviation engineer for different government agencies and corporations, including the British War Office, 1915; the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Corporation 1915-1919 (from 1919-1920 as the assistant general manger); and as a member of the US Commission to the International Aircraft Conference, London, 1918. Manly also completed and edited Langley's Memoir on Mechanical Flight, which was published by the Smithsonian in 1911. Charles B. Nichols Smithsonian cabinet maker (1890-1893), in charge of construction of the small rubber powered models. R. Luther Reed Smithsonian carpenter foreman (1880-1904). In charge of construction of Aerodromes No. 5 and 6 following between Herring's departure and Manly's arrival. Worked on design of the Great Aerodrome and the second houseboat. Part of the crew on the houseboat. B. L. Rhinehart Smithsonian mechanic. Built a small steam motor for Aerodrome No. 0 in 1891. Performed design work on an experimental gasoline motor, c. 1896. William L. Speiden Draftsman or designer (1893-1899). John Elfrith Watkins Assistant engineer of construction with the Pennsylvania Railroad. Joined the Smithsonian as an honorary curator in the Steam Transportation section in 1885. Named curator of Transportation in 1887. He rejoined the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1892, and later worked at the Field Columbian Museum as director of Industrial Arts. Watkins returned to the Smithsonian in 1895 as the National Museum's curator of Technological Collections. In 1898, he was named curator of the Division of Technology. Watkins also served the Smithsonian as Engineer of Property, 1888-1889, and Chief of Buildings and Superintendence, 1896-1903. Watkins conducted much of the Aerodrome project's correspondence, and was the project's expert in steam engine design. George B. Wells Smithsonian messenger 1(894-1903). Most of the collection's shorthand notebooks (Series X) bear his name; possibly, he acted as Langley's stenographer. William Crawford Winlock Curator, Bureau of International Exchange (1889-1899).

Samuel Langley distributed waste books - bound office ledgers - to members of the staff working on his aeronautical projects. The staff members were expected to keep track of their work in these books, which Langley inspected frequently. Calculations, weight data, and drawings are to be found in the waste books, along with bound in and inserted memoranda, notes, and letters. The waste book numbers and descriptions are given as found written in each book. Langley's private waste books and several books of his correspondence are included.
Box

1		Waste Book No. 1, April 25 - November 27, 1887. Pages 1-42, 83-90, 101-126, 135-136. Table of contents, page 1. [Also includes pages 360-365 - March 9, 1888.] Waste Book No. 2, August 24 - December 21, 1888. Pages 1-4, 9-158, 331-336, 401-410. Table of contents, page 3. Waste Book No. 1, October 25 - November 6, 1889. Pages 93-94, 151-162. No table of contents. Waste Book No. 2, January 10 - October 30, 1889. Pages 159-320, 411-414. No table of contents. (Waste Book No. 3 not present) Waste Book No. 4, June 6 - December 31, 1889. Pages 195-214 No table of contents. Index section is blank.

2		Waste Book No. 1, October 14 - November 6, 1890. Pages 51-52, 95-100, 141-142, 163-164, 175-186, 339-352, 367-384. No table of contents Waste Book No. 2, September 1890. Pages 7-8, 395-398. No table of contents. Waste Book No. 3, September 16 - December 31, 1890. Pages 1-66, 69-300, 305-444. Table of contents, page 1. Index starts after page 444 (unpaginated). Waste Book No. 4, October 1 - December 31, 1890. Pages 1-75, 79-194, 215-222, 227-234, 333-334, 337-358, 365-366. Table of contents, page 333. Waste Book No. 5, November 25 - December 31, 1890. Pages 39-114, 123-170. Table of contents, page 39; titled Pneumatics Book No. 5, Commenced Dec. 15, 1890. Index begins after page 376 (unpaginated).

3		From Waste Book No. 4, 1891. Pages 75-78, 223-226, 235-378. Index begins after page 378; 1st page is a table of contents titled Index of Vols 1-6. Waste Book No. 5, 1891. Pages 115-122, 171-324, 405-420. Waste Book No. 6, 1891. Pages 1-340.

4		Waste Book No. 7, January 1 - December 31, 1892. Pages 1-210. Includes bound-in notes of meeting with A.M. Herring, New York City, May 4, 1895; letter from Langley to W.C. Winlock, November 4, 1895; Langley memorandum, January 7, 1896; letter from E.C. Huffaker to W.C. Winlock, undated; letter from J.E. Watkins to Langley, May 26, 1992 - the second page is bound-in at the beginning of Waste Book No. 8. Waste Book No. 8, January 1 - December 1892. Pages 1-322. Inscribed after title page: Bache Aerodynamics No. 8 For the Use of W. Watkins Commences Jan 1, 1892. Blank index section at end of Volume 4

5		Waste Book No. 7, February - November 1893. Pages 211-276, 329-356. Pages 329-356 also include pages of notes by L.C. Maltby and C.B. Nichols, October 1892 - January 1893. Waste Book No. 9, January - August 1893. Pages 1-115, 312-326, 400-413. Written after title page: "Bache Aerodynamics No. 9 In the Use of S. P. Langley Commences January 1, 1893 Devoted to Experiments with the whirling tables at the so [?] and to their reduction. - Also to propellers generally. General rules for users of this waste book. A. This is a book of original entry. Everything to do with the investigation in hand is to be noted in it, e.g. all serafs [series?] of computations etc. instead of being made on a separate piece of paper, are to be made here preferably on the left hand page, the right being kept for the more important entries. No change should be made in an entry once made. B. The date is always to be written in the upper left hand corner of the numbered page. C. As a rule before the days work should be written under the title "Object", a few words stating what the point [illeg.] measurement immediately in hand [?]. And at the end of the day under the head of "Conclusion" a few words stating what has been shown, or failed to be shown. (This is only for the guidance of any other person who may have occasion to use the book)" Waste Book No. 10, January 1 - October 25, 1893. Pages 1-62, 99-412. Written after title page: "This book is the property of S. P. Langley It is left in the temporary use of L.C. Maltby To be used exclusively for the aerodromics workshop. To hold orders & drawings, and to make memoranda in. Orders ~~and drawings~~ begin on page 21. Memoranda begin on page 201." Notes by Carl Barus are included on pages 363-375 and on pages 100-200. Index follows p.412. Waste Book No. 11, February 6 - December 31, 1893. Pages 1-267. Waste Book No.12, February 7 - March 13, 1893. Pages 1-31, 98-103. Assigned to M.R.S. Reed [R. L. Reed?]. Waste Book of Gaertner [no number], April 7 - December 31, 1893. Pages 1-33. Index to Waste Book 11 follows Gaertner's waste book

6		Waste Book No. 9, May 1894. Pages 118-125. Waste Book No. 11, January 1 - April 6, 1894. Pages 268-400. Eight pages of notes inserted between pages 335-336. Waste Book No. 12, 1894. Pages 104-107, 116-119. Waste Book No. 13, April 1 - December 31, 1894. Pages 1-399. Index follows page 399. Waste Book No. 14, January - December 1894. Pages 2-3, 10-41, 200-213 [Actually goes only to page 33]. Waste Book of Gaertner [no number], January - December 1894. Pages 36-79, 138-159, 200-233.

7		Waste Book No. 15, January 1 - October 1, 1895. Pages 1-419. Inserted following title page: Letter from Herring to Winlock, October 21, 1895. Weights list of Aerodrome 5, June 10, 1895. Drawings of Aerodromes 4 and 5. Waste Book No. 15, January 1 - October 1, 1895. Pages 1-419. Inserted following title page: Letter from Herring to Winlock, October 21, 1895. Weights list of Aerodrome 5, June 10, 1895. Drawings of Aerodromes 4 and 5. Waste Book No. 14, January 1 - December 31, 1895. Pages 4-9, 34-133. Waste Book No. 16, May 20-November 8, 1895. Pages 1-159. Waste Book of Gaertner [no number], January 26 - September 1, 1895. Pages 80-137, 160-197, 234-419. Letter from Langley to Winlock, March 31, 1895, inserted between pages 299-300. Letter from Langley to G.L. Fowler, December 21, 1897 inserted between pages 317-318. Waste Book No. 12, January 1 - December 31, 1895. Pages 34-65, 124-179. Index to Waste Book No. 15 follows page 179

8		Waste Book of E.C. Huffaker. Pages 1-439. Index follows page 439.
	Waste Book of E.C. Huffaker Pages 1-439. Index follows page 439. Aerodrome No.6 weight list inserted at page 1. Letter from Langley to Huffaker inserted at page 46. Hand-drawn chart with water depths indicated, page 231 (Potomac River?) Account of tests of Aerodromes 4 and 5, October 6, 1894, page 300.

9		Pages 2-438 Notes on test of Aerodrome No.5, December 4, 1896 inserted at page 4.
	Waste Book No. 16 Pages 2-434; noted on first page: This Waste Book is to furnish a record of the condition, weight - &c. of Aerodromes at the beginning of each month. Data tables at pages 46, 68, and 102. Volume also includes model and parts drawings.

10		Waste Book of L.E. Emerson Pages 2-440
	Waste Book South Shed Pages 4-439

11		Waste Book of L.C. Maltby Pages 2-437
	Waste Book of B.L. Rhinehart Pages 4-434; working drawings from page 50.

12		Waste Book of R.L. Reed Pages 2-439; notes of tests from small houseboat, Chopawamsic Island (Potomac river), summer of 1899.
	1st Draft Experiments in Aerodynamics (waste book of J.E. Curtis). Pages 1-346

13		Special Order Book (copies of work orders) Pages 1-17
	Waste Book of C.M. Manly Pages 2-440; entries end following page 128. Includes memoranda and letters from S. P. Langley pasted in. Also includes loose pages of calibration charts dated 1903.

14		Waste Book of C.M. Manly Pages 2-441, entries end following page 401. Includes Manly's notes of test flights of Aerodromes 5 and 6 and notes dictated by S. P. Langley.
	Waste Book of C.M. Manly Pages 2-441; entries end following page 406.

15		Waste Book of C.M. Manly Pages 2-441; entries end following page 80.
	Private Waste Book Pages 2-674.

16		Private Waste Book Pages 1-437, entries end following page 391
	Private Waste Book Pages 2-439; entries end following page 46.

17		Private Waste Book Pages 1-441; entries end following Page 402.

18		S. P. Langley Correspondence Book No.2 May 1899 - March 1900 Pages 1-504; index before page 1.
	S. P. Langley Correspondence Book No.3 March 1900 - December 1901 Pages 1-507; index before page 1. Volume 30 is missing as of September, 1995.
	Correspondence Disbursing Clerk January 1899 - December 1902 Pages 1 - 508.

A collection of 18 scrapbooks containing newspaper and magazine clippings on "aerial navigation". Projects by Langley, Hiram Maxim, Otto Lilienthal and many other experimenters are included. Individual volumes have pasted labels showing the year covered by the contents; some also have a date range. Where a date range is not given, it has been derived from the contents and is included here in brackets - [...]. Additional clippings are included in Series XI.
Box

19		1893 [May 27, 1893 - February 18, 1894]

20		January 1 - June 1, 1894

21		1894 [January 20 - May 9, 1894]

22		January 1 - August 1, 1895

23		1895 [July 2, 1895 - January 8, 1896]

24		1896 May & June [May 15 - June 9, 1896]

25		1896 June-Sept [May 21 - October 2, 1896]

26		1896 January - June [January 23 - May 21, 1896]

27		1896 [June 28, 1896 - April 15, 1897]

28		1897 [January 13 - October 17, 1897]; index inserted on inside back cover.

29		Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromies [sic.]; June - December 1897 [June 29 - December 31, 1897]

30		Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromies [sic.]; 1898 [January 1 - November 16, 1898]. Table of contents on page 1. Index on inside back cover.

31		Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromics; November 1898 [October 22 - November 23, 1898]
	Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromics; May - September, 1899 [March 8, 1899 - March 18, 1928]

32		Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromics; 1900 [January 20 - December 22, 1900]
	Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromics; 1901 [January 5 - December 20, 1901]

33		Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromics; 1902 [January 9 - December 31, 1902]

34		Scrap Book S.I. Aerodromics; 1903 [January 15 - June 2, 1903]

This series consists of notes, data, drawings and memoranda from Langley's aeronautical research at both the Smithsonian and the Allegheny Observatory. Subseries 2 contains material used in various Smithsonian exhibitions of the Langley Aerodromes. Other drawings are included in Series IX. Additional notes and drawings are included in Series XI.


Box	Folder

35	1	Aerodrome drawings (1900)
2	Aerodrome drawings - Aerodrome 5
3	Aerodrome drawings - Aerodrome A
4	Aerodrome engine drawings by William L. Speiden (1898)
5	Aerodrome project expenses prior to trial flight
6	Aerodrome tachometer instructions
7	Aerodrome weight tables
8	Aerodrome workers agreement form
9	Aeronautical data - Alleghany Whirling Table Data Trace
10	Aeronautical data - dynamic chronograph data plots
11	Aeronautical data - wind velocity data plots
12	Aeronautical work - pay voucher cards (1899-1901)
13	Aeronautical work - record of shop work voucher book (1893)
14	Aeronautical work records (1901-1902)
15	Aeronautical work - miscellaneous drawings and sketches
16	Aeronautical work - miscellaneous drawings by E. C. Huffaker
17	Aeronautical work - miscellaneous notes, memos, bills, drawings (1 of 2)
18	Aeronautical work - miscellaneous notes, memos, bills, drawings (2 of 2)

36	1	Army Board of Ordnance and Fortifications Aerodrome grant (1900)
2	Articles and clippings on aerodromes
3	Congressional Record - House debate on Aerodrome expenditures, January 27, 1904
4	Copies of material from waste books
5	Great Houseboat drawing
6	Ledger - "Tools Borrowed for Use on Langley Aerodrome" (1917-1918)
7	Manly-Balzer motor controversy - Orville Wright's account (1942)
8	Notes on experiments
9	Notes - from George Fowler's waste book
10	Notes - E. C. Huffaker
11	Notes - E. C. Huffaker - "Record of Experiments in Open Air" (September 3-12 1898)
12	Notes - L. C. Maltby's notes, journals
13	Notes - C. M. Manly's notes on the Aerodrome
14	Notes - W. C. Winlock on boilers (1894)
15	Notes - New Rubber Pull Aerodrome (1895)
16	Notes - Rubber Pull Aerodrome (1895)
17	Notes - Preparatory works done prior to the first trial of the Great Aerodrome
18	Parts lists & box contents for Aerodrome tests (June 1895)
19	Parts lists - Aerodromes 4 & 5 (July 1895)
20	Report of shop work on Aerodrome A (May 1900)
21	Reports - C. M. Manly on the Great Aerodrome (Aerodrome A)(January 1901)
22	Reports - J. E. Watkins on progress of Aerodrome work (September 1892)
23	"Rules for Workshops" (1898)
24	Specifications for houseboat


Box	Folder

37	1	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, general
2	Aerodrome No. 5 - reproduction for the Panama Pacific Exposition (1914)
3	Aerodrome and motor display labels and label scripts
4	Langley Aerodrome exhibit (1917)
5	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, installation of Aerodrome, general
6	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, installation of Aerodrome, East Hall (A&I bldg) arrangements
7	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, installation of Aerodrome, fabric
8	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, installation of Aerodrome,, hardware
9	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, installation of Aerodrome, varnish, dope, paint
10	Langley Aerodrome exhibit, installation of Aerodrome, wire
11	Langley Aerodrome exhibit notes from "Aerodrome Experiments" by George L. Fowler (1897) - "The Available Motors"
12	Langley Aerodrome exhibit notes from "Aerodrome Experiments" by George L. Fowler (1897) - "Balancing the Aerodrome"
13	Langley Aerodrome exhibit notes from "Aerodrome Experiments" by George L. Fowler (1897) - "Experiments with Aerostats"
14	Langley Aerodrome exhibit notes from "Aerodrome Experiments" by George L. Fowler (1897) - "Chapter 8. History of Construction of Sustaining and Guiding Surfaces of Aerodromes 4, 5 and 6"
15	Langley Aerodrome exhibit notes from "Aerodrome Experiments" by George L. Fowler (1897) - "History of Launching Apparatus and Field Trials"
16	Langley Aerodrome exhibit notes from "Aerodrome Experiments" by George L. Fowler (1897) - "The Instruments Used"
17	Langley Aerodrome exhibit - rubber driven models
18	Langley-Manly-Balzer motor - texts and memos for exhibit label, 1908

Letters and memoranda written by and sent to S. P. Langley. Most of the correspondence deals with the aeronautical projects, though some non-aeronautical letters, like Langley's notes on making coffee, were included in the files. Langley's official correspondence as Secretary of the Smithsonian is part of the Smithsonian Institution Archives' Official Records of the Smithsonian Institution (Record Unit 34); his personal correspondence is included in the Smithsonian Institution Archives' Samuel P. Langley Papers, 1867-1906 (Record Unit 7003). Additional correspondence can be found in Series IX. The material is arranged alphabetically by the name of the correspondent.
Box	Folder

38	1	Partial listing of Langley correspondence (1890-1907)
2	Cleveland Abby, U.S. Signal Office (1887-1891)
3	American Iron and Steel Works, Jones & Laughlins, Ltd (1887)
4	American Tube Works (1892)
5	F.W. Breary, A�ronautical Society of Great Britain (1887)
6	Cole & Reinhart (nd)
7	George E. Curtis, US Signal Office (1887)
8	Duryea Motor Wagon Co. (1898)
9	Charles H. Emerson (1892)
10	Captain Louis Ferdinand Ferber, Laboratoire des Recherches Relatives � l'A�rostation Militaire (1905)
11	George L. Fowler (1897-1898)
12	George Brown Goode (Smithsonian Institution), 1895
13	Gen. A.W. Greely, U.S. Signal Office (1889)
14	F. W. Gruner (1892)
15	Augustus Herring (1895)
16	Lodewyck Hoornbeek, Industrial Investment & Development Co. (1899)
17	E. C. Huffaker (1891)
18	Professor Hutchins (1891)
19	Kainz Motor correspondence (1900)
20	Charles, Comte de Lambert (1891)
21	John W. Langley (1891)
22	Mary Williams Langley (SPL's mother)(1894)
23	Charles M. Manly (Smithsonian Institution)(1899-1900)
24	O. J. Mason (1893)
25	Hiram Maxim (1891)
26	William McNamara (1892)
27	James Means (1895-1897)
28	E. D. Meier, Diesel Motor Company of America (1898)
29	Merchant & Co. (1890)
30	Monier, Seitert, & Pommeret (1892-1900)
31	Mors Electricité & d'Automobiles (1900)
32	L. Moxley (1890)
33	Charles Munroe, U.S. Naval Institute (1891)
34	New York Calcium Light Co. (1890)
35	Orin Parker (1892)
36	Parvin & Co. (1890)
37	R. L. Reed (Smithsonian Institution)(1896-1900)
38	Bently L. Reinhardt (1890)
39	Scientific American Magazine (nd)
40	Charles Sparhawk (1892)
41	John Sparhawk, Jr., Franklin Institute (1891-92)
42	Edward E. Spencer (1892)
43	Henry E. Sprague, Alliance Aluminium Co., Ltd. (1890)
44	William B. Taylor (1887)
45	Frank Thomson, Pennsylvania Railroad (1887-91)
46	R. H. Thurston, Cornell University (1887-1900)
47	David P. Todd, Amherst College Observatory (1891)
48	U.S. Navy Department (1866-69)
49	William H. Wahl, Franklin Institute (1892)
50	C. B. [?] Waring (nd)
51	J. E. Watkins (Smithsonian Institution)(1890-91)
52	J. E. Watkins (Smithsonian Institution)(1892-98)
53	M. C. Winlock (Smithsonian Institution)(1891)
54	Unsigned letters to S. P. Langley (1892-96)
55	Extract of letter to an unnamed correspondent (1891)
56	Guidelines concerning S. P. Langley's correspondence (nd)
57	S. P. Langley memoranda (1891-1901)
58	S. P. Langley memorandum on the method of coffee making at the Posthof, Carlsbad (Karlsbad, Germany)(nd)

The subseries includes correspondence that Charles M. Manly and J. Elfreth Watkins sent and received on behalf of Secretary Langley and his aeronautical work. Additional Watkins correspondence can be found in Series XI. The material is arranged alphabetically by the name of the correspondent.
Box	Folder
C. M. Manly correspondence

39	1	Prentiss Tool & Supply Co. (1900)
2	William Roche (1903)
3	C. Fayette Taylor, MIT (1926)
J. E. Watkins correspondence

39	4	Cleveland Abbe (1890)
5	Cyrus Adler (1890-92)
6	E. P. Allen, Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory (1891)
7	Lemuel Bannister, Fuel Gas and Manufacturing Co. (1890)
8	C. [?] Barus, U. S. Geological Survey (1892)
9	James C. Bayles, Spiral Weld Tube Co. (1890)
10	Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co. (1890)
11	Hugo Bilgram (1891-92)
12	Robert Boyd (1892)
13	J. U. Burket & Co. (1890)
14	S. Cabot (1890)
15	Octave Chanute (1891)
16	Thomas Chatard, U. S. Geological Survey (1892)
17	Valentine Clad (Cooking Ranges and Broilers)(1892)
18	Clay & Torbensen (1890)
19	Cole & Reinhart (1890-91)
20	Correspondence with lumber dealers
21	James Dietz [?] (1891)
22	W. D. Doremus (1890-91)
23	J. H. Dow (1891)
24	James Dubois (1891)
25	P. H. Dudley (1890)
26	Charles E. Duryea (1892)
27	Eimer & Amend (1892)
28	Theodore N. Ely, Pennsylvania Railroad (1892)
29	Charles H. Emerson (1892)
30	Charles Emery [?], U. S. Revenue Marine (1891)
31	Peter Frasse & Co. (1891-92)
32	R. G. Gatling (1901)
33	Mr. Geare, (Smithsonian Institution )(1895)
34	J. W. Gibboney, Thomson-Houston Electric Co. (1890)
35	Elmer Goetz (1892)
36	William Fallock, U. S. Geological Survey (1891)
37	William D. Forbes (1890)
38	M. W. Gily (1892)
39	George Brown Goode (Smithsonian Institution)(1895)
40	Reginal[d?] Gordon (1897)
41	W. E. Gray, Holmes Fibre-Graphite Manufacturing Co. (1892)
42	Lawrence Hargrave (1891)
43	O. Harmon (1892)
44	E. H. Hawley (Smithsonian Institution)(1889)
45	Herreshoff Manufacturing Co. (1891)
46	G. F. Hohues, Plymouth Cordage Co. (1891)
47	Hotchkiss Ordnance Co., Ltd. (1891-92)
48	E. C. Huffaker (Smithsonian Institution)(nd)
49	J. E. Hurley (nd)
50	Elwood Ivins, Spring Garden Metal Works (1890-92)
51	John B. Jackson, U. S. Embassy, Berlin (1900)
52	A. Jacobi and Co. (1892)
53	W. Jessop & Sons, Ltd. (1891)
54	Andrew Joyce's Sons Carriage Builders (1891)
55	A. Kastelic, Venezuelan National Railroad (1890)
56	J. M. Kavanagh (1892)
57	Keen & Hagerty Manufacturers (1891-92)
58	O. W. Ketchum (1891)
59	J. R. Kynett (1892)
60	John W. Langley (1891)
61	John S. Leng's Son & Co. (1890)
62	William Magoffin (nd)
63	L. C. Maltby, (Smithsonian Institution)(1891)
64	E. J. Manville Machine Co. (1890)
65	Joseph B, Marvin, U. S. Patent Office (1892)
66	Mr. Maynard, (Smithsonian Institution)(1899)
67	Memorandum from unnamed Smithsonian employee (nd)
68	Merchant & Co. (1890)
69	Monier, Seitert & Pommeret (1892)
70	Alfred F. Moore (1892)
71	National Pipe Bending Co. (1891-92)
72	James L. Norris (1891)
73	Charles H. Ourand (1891)
74	J. C. Pattison, Pope Manufacturing Co. (1895)
75	Philadelphia Charcoal Fuel Co. (1892)
76	Postmaster, Chester PA (1892)
77	Postmaster, New Haven CT (1892)
78	J. E. Praul (1892)
79	H. G. Prout, "The Railroad Gazette" (1892)
80	Randolph and Clowes (1891)
81	Bently Reinhardt (1895)
82	B. L. Rinehart (1895-97)
83	George W. Robertson (1892-99)
84	Romeike Bureau of Press Cuttings (1890)
85	T. W. Scott (1892)
86	S. Shiels (1891)
87	George F. Simonds (1891)
88	M. L. Sperry, Scovill Mfg. Co. (1890)
89	J. J. Suckert, National Ice Machine Co. (1895)
90	D. Sulzberger (1892)
91	F. T. Tapley, Ashcroft Manufacturing Co. (1891)
92	W. H. Travis (1890)
93	Charles Vagt (1891)
94	D. Van Nostrand Co. (1892)
95	William H. Wahl, Franklin Institute (1890)
96	H. H. Westinghouse, Westinghouse Air Brake Co. (1890)
97	W. F. Wheeler (1892)
98	I. Lloyd Wiegand (1891)
99	A. J. Wilkinson & Co. (1891)
100	Thomas Williamson (1899)
101	M. C. Winlock, (Smithsonian Institution)(1891-95)
102	W. D. Wyvill (1892)


Box	Folder

40	1	Stephen M. Balzer engine correspondence (1898-99)
2	Stephen M. Balzer engine correspondence (1900)
3	Stephen M. Balzer engine correspondence (1901-62)
4	Octave Chanute to George Brown Goode, Smithsonian Institution (1896)
5	George Brown Goode to Mr. Wilson, Smithsonian (1894)
6	E. C. Huffaker to C. G. Abbot, Secretary of the Smithsonian (1935)
7	Samuel P. Langley (S.P.L.'s) nephew) to Dr. Howe (1918)
8	T. S. C. Lowe - Joseph Henry correspondence (1860-61)
9	Manly Family correspondence (1962)
10	Theodore Roosevelt to John D. Long, Secretary of the Navy (1898)
11	George O. Squier - Charles D. Walcott correspondence on naming the National Aeronautical Proving Ground for Langley (1916)
12	Correspondence on the Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory (1912-1914)
13	Correspondence on the Langley Papers (1907-62)

The manuscripts of Mechanical Flight in this subseries also include sections and revisions by Langley's assistant, Charles M. Manly. Original drawings from Mechanical Flight are listed in Series IX - Flat Boxes and Oversized Material. Additional manuscript material is included in Series XI.
Box	Folder

41	1	The Development of the Aerodrome - typed manuscript
2	Experiments in Aerodynamics - Chapter 1 , "Introduction" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
3	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "Object and Character of Experiments" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
4	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "The Resultant Pressure Recorder" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
5	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "The Suspended Plane" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
6	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "The Counterpoised Eccentric Plane" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
7	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "The Plane Dropper" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
8	Experiments in Aerodynamics - Description of plane dropper, pp.68-73, appendices B & C - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
9	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "Dynamometer - Chronograph" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
10	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "Summary" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
11	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "Appendix" - mimeo draft with corrections (1891)
12	Experiments in Aerodynamics - "10. The Component Pressure Recorder" - mimeo draft with corrections; also includes illustrations (1891)
13	Experiments in Aerodynamics - mimeo draft (1 of 2) pp. 1-66 (1891)
14	Experiments in Aerodynamics - mimeo draft (2 of 2) pp.14-71 (1891)

42	1	Experiments in Aerodynamics - mimeo draft with corrections (1 of 2)
2	Experiments in Aerodynamics - mimeo draft with corrections (2 of 2)
3	The Flying Machine - mimeo draft (1897)
4	Mechanical Flight - mimeo draft with corrections
5	Mechanical Flight - Chapter 7G - "History of Construction of Frame and Engines for Aerodromes No. 4, 5, & 6" - mimeo draft with corrections
6	Mechanical Flight - Final revision - Introduction and Chapter 1A
7	Mechanical Flight - Final revision - Chapter 2B "Experiments with Rubber Motor Models"
8	Mechanical Flight - Final revision - Chapter 3E "Available Motors"
9	Mechanical Flight - Final revision - Chapter 4D - "Early Steam Motor and Other Models"

43	1	Mechanical Flight - Final revision - Chapter 5G - "On Sustaining Surfaces"
2	Mechanical Flight - Final revision - Chapter 6 - "Balancing the Aerodrome", including notes of calculations
3	Mechanical Flight - section of hand-written manuscript and mimeo draft
4	Mechanical Flight - drafts, notes
5	Mechanical Flight - list of illustrations
6	Mechanical Flight - propeller calculations
7	Note on the Aerodrome of Mr. Langley Prepared for the Conversazione of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (1901)(multiple copies)
8	Results of Observations by Me [S. P. Langley] on Aerial Propellers (1893)
9	Report of S. P. Langley (1889)
10	Articles & papers on aeronautics by S. P. Langley (1891-1906)
11	Articles & papers by S. P. Langley (non-aeronautic) 1 of 3 (1874-1884)
12	Articles & papers by S. P. Langley (non-aeronautic) 2 of 3 (1885-1898)

44	1	Articles & papers by S. P. Langley (non-aeronautic) 3 of 3 (1901-1904)
2	Notes on bird flight
3	"Supplementary Report - answers to questions [illeg.] by Secretary Langley" (1895)


Box	Folder

44	4	Charles Abbott - The Relations Between the Smithsonian Institution and the Wright Brothers (1928)
5	Octave Chanute - extract from Progress in Flying Machines (1892)
6	E. C. Huffaker - Experiments with Gliding Models (1899)
7	E. C. Huffaker - The Flight of Birds (nd)
8	E. C. Huffaker - report on experiments in aerodynamics (curved surfaces)(1897)
9	E. C. Huffaker - On Soaring Flight, manuscript, notes, drawings (nd)
10	Charles M. Manly - The Langley Machine at Hammondsport, galley proofs (nd)
11	Memorandum on a paper by Hiram Maxim (nd)
12	Walter Regan - The Langley Medal, radio script (1938)
13	Mr. Maynard - essay on Langley's aeronautical work (1905)
14	James A. Hoyt - The Past is Prologue (biographical sketch of Charles M. Manly)(1951)

Several file folders of photographs were found with the papers; others were found with additional Langley material included as Series XI. In addition, the Archives Division's photographic collection holds a number of Langley photographs, which may be researched through the Division's image database. Other photographs are held in the Langley folders in the Aircraft and Biographies Series Technical Files. Subject listings for these photographs may be found in the appendix. Another collection, the Air Museum Photography Collection (Acc. XXXX-0572) contains 30 8x10 glass negatives of Langley photographs.
Box	Folder

45	1	S. P. Langley portraits
2	Aerodromes Exhibit, National Museum, Arts & Industries Building
3	Aerodrome A ("Great Aerodrome", "Large Aerodrome")
4	Aerodrome A, rebuilt by Glenn Curtiss (1914) - negative
5	Aerodrome & Quarter Scale Model. Photographs by Thomas W. Smillie, January 1900. From Waste Book Volume 26 (see also Box 56)
6	Aerodrome Launching Apparatus
7	Steam model Aerodrome (c.1892-93)
8	Aerodrome No. 5
9	Aerodrome No. 5, 1st flight, May 6, 1896. Photographs by Alexander Graham Bell
10	Aerodrome No. 5, 1st and 2nd flights, May 6, 1896. Photographs by F. E. Fowle
11	Aerodrome No. 5, chart of flight of November 28, 1896
12	Ladder kite (1896) cyanotypes
13	Quarter-Size Aerodrome (1900-01)
14	Quarter-Size Aerodrome, August 8, 1903 flight
15	Quarter-Size Aerodrome Motor cyanotype
16	Unidentified model in flight

A carton of material, mainly trade catalogues and price lists from various suppliers and dealers, was found stored with the Aerodrome A at the Museum's Paul E. Garber Facility in Suitland, Maryland with some evidence that it had come from Langley's workshop. Also included in the carton was a small piece of stained wood and a sheet of mica; both were transferred to the Museum's Aeronautics Division.
Box	Folder

46	1	Corbin Cabinet Locks Catalogue (1907)
2	Crane Co. Steam Goods Catalogue (1908)
3	Department of Agriculture Bulletin
4	Furniture Catalogues
5	Hardware catalogues and brochures

47	1	Lunkenheimer Fittings Catalogue
2	Machine tools catalogues
3	Nursery catalogues
4	Plumbing supplies and fittings catalogues
5	Smithsonian Institution publications (1908)
6	Specifications for Buoys and Appendages, U. S. Lighthouse Establishment (1898)
7	Tool catalogues
8	Wm. P. Walter's Sons Wood Workers' Tools catalogue (1885)
9	Waterman pen catalogue (nd)
10	Damaged catalogue fragments


Box	Folder

48	1	Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory, 1913
2	Langley biographical material
3	Langley Collection card index (1 of 3)
4	Langley Collection card index (2 of 3)
5	Langley Collection card index (3 of 3)
6	"Langley Day", Smithsonian press release, May 6, 1912
7	Langley patents
8	Langley, miscellaneous documents salvaged from Langley Laboratory
9	Langley, miscellaneous

49	1	Congressional bills for the promotion of aerial navigation, 1895 - 1896
2	Clippings - Langley, the aerodromes, and other aircraft (1899)
3	Clippings (1886-1935)
4	Clippings, Philadelphia Bureau of Press Clippings (1898-1899)
5	Drawings, diagram of C.P. motor with rheostat
6	Drawings, Hiram Maxim's flying machine and engine drawing (1891)
7	Drawings, Vogt steam engine (1892)
8	National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics regulations (1918)
9	Papers, letters, and photograph of John A. R. Newlands
10	"Phillip's Flying Machine", article from Engineering (1893)
11	Notes on references to the literature of bird flight; aeronautics clippings
12	Notes on military captive balloons (1919)
13	Miscellaneous publications
14	Miscellaneous notes and calculations
15	Patents and patent drawings


Box	Folder

50		O&F (Board of Ordnance and Fortifications) accounts, ledger, 1889-1901

51		O&F ledger, 1901

52		O&F vouchers, 1899-1900

53		Langley letter on his Aerodromics work (nd); wind velocity experiments notes

54		Pneumatics experiments notes

55		Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight (1911), Langley Internal Work of the Wind (1893), bound journal of R. L. Reed - financial accounts and work records, 1895-1914

56		Langley article - "Manflight", Boston Evening Transcript, Jan 21, 1893; photographs of Langley rubber-pull Aerodrome models by Thomas Smillie, Smithsonian Institution
Langley Data and Drawings Oversized material stored at the Paul E. Garber Facility, Building 12, by container. For item listing, consult the National Air and Space Museum Archives Division's Drawings Databases
16x20 folders (16x20x1 drop front box; XXXX-0494 Box 1620)

57	1	Instruments: Allegheny Whirling Table
2	Data: Wind Velocity Data Plots
3	Unidentified Data Traces
4	Maps & Charts
5	Boats: Small Houseboat
6	Great Houseboat
7	Aerodromes: Aerodrome No. 4
8	Aerodrome No. 5
9	Aerodrome A
10	Drawings Prepared for Publications: Wind Velocity Graphs
11	Miscellaneous / Unidentified Drawings
20x24 folders (20x24x1 drop front box; XXXX-0494 Box 2024)

58	1	Instruments: Watkins (J. E.) Whirling Table
2	Miscellaneous Instruments
3	Data: Anemometer Data Traces
4	Dynamic Chronograph Data Traces (1/2)
5	Dynamic Chronograph Data Traces (2/2)
6	Wind Velocity Data Plots (1/2)
7	Wind Velocity Data Plots (2/2)
8	Maps & Charts
9	Engines: 5" Cylinder Engine
10	Aerodromes: Aerodrome No. 5
11	1/4-scale Aerodrome A
12	Aerodrome A
13	Miscellaneous / Unidentified Drawings
Oversized material

59		Engine detail and aircraft component drawings, calculations (1890-91), test results from Weather Bureau Kite Station, Arlington, Virginia (1890), photograph of Lawrence Hargrave compressed air flying machine by C. Bayless, Sydney, Australia (1890
Folders stored in Map Case Drawers Drawings and oversized material may be subject to relocation in different cases or drawers; please consult the Archives Division staff for current location of oversized material
24x36 folders

	1	Instruments: Watkins (J. E.) Whirling Table
2	Data: Anemometer Data Traces (1/2)
3	Anemometer Data Traces (2/2)
4	Boats: Small Houseboat
5	Great Houseboat
6	Engines: 2-Cylinder Steam Engine
7	Experimental (4 3/16" Cylinder) Engine
8	5" Cylinder (Aerodrome A) Engine (1/2)
9	5" Cylinder (Aerodrome A) Engine (2/2)
10	Aerodromes: 1/4 scale Aerodrome A
11	Aerodrome A
12	Weight Data Sheets
13	Drawings Prepared for Publications: Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, vol. 1 (1/2)
14	Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, vol. 1 (2/2)
15	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Original Drawings (1/5)
16	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Original Drawings (2/5)
17	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Original Drawings (3/5)
18	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Original Drawings (4/5)
19	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Original Drawings (5/5)
20	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Duplicate Drawings (1/4)
21	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Duplicate Drawings (2/4)
22	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Duplicate Drawings (3/4)
23	Memoir on Mechanical Flight - Duplicate Drawings (4/4)
24	Miscellaneous / Unidentified Drawings
36x48 folders

	1	Instruments: Allegheny Whirling Table
2	Watkins Whirling Table
3	Maps & Charts
4	Boats: Raft
5	Small Houseboat
6	Great Houseboat (1/4)
7	Great Houseboat (2/4)
8	Great Houseboat (3/4)
9	Great Houseboat (4/4)
10	Engines: Experimental (4 3/16" Cylinder) Engine
11	5" Cylinder (Aerodrome A) Engine
12	Aerodromes: Aerodrome No. 0
13	Aerodrome No. 5
14	1/4 scale Aerodrome A
15	Aerodrome A
16	Miscellaneous / Unidentified Drawings
Drawings larger than 36x48 (consult Archives Division staff for current location

A collection of 37 notebooks containing notes in an unidentified shorthand system, dating from 1898 to 1902, with 8 notebooks bearing partial dates or undated. Most of the notebooks bear the name of G.B. Wells, a Smithsonian messenger from 1894-1903. Several of the notebooks also bear the phrase "O&F" for "Ordnance and Fortification" - Langley received grants for his aeronautical work from the U. S. Army's Board of Ordnance and Fortification. Notebooks have been numbered in pencil on inside front covers. No attempt was made to decipher the shorthand entries.
Box

60		1. G.B. Wells; January 16, 1898
	2. G.B. Wells; February 26, 1899
	3. G.B. Wells; April 10, 1899
	4. G.B. Wells; O&F April 11, 1899
	5. G.B. Wells; O&F, Finished August 2, 1899, Commenced July 5, 1899
	6. G.B. Wells; O&F, August 3, 1899 #1, Finished September 3, 1899
	7. G.B. Wells; O&F, August 20, 1899 #2
	8. G.B. Wells; O&F, August 29, 1899 #3
	9. G.B. Wells; O&F, September 10, 1899
	10. G.B. Wells; September 23, 1899, Finished October 23, 1899

61		1. G.B. Wells; October 23, 1899, Finished November 15, 1899
	2. G.B. Wells; November 23, 1899; Commenced January 1, 1900, Finished January 20, 1900
	3. Finished December 4, 1899
	4. Heed, Jr. [?] & G.B.W. [G.B. Wells], Finished December 13, 1899
	5. G.B. Wells; O&F, January 25, 1900, Finished March 22, 1900
	6. Finished February 25, 1900
	7. G.B. Wells; February 26, 1900, Finished April 19, 1900
	8. G.B. Wells; May 2, 1900, Finished June 19, 1900
	9. November 11, 1900, Fin[ished] December, 1900
	10. G.B. Wells; November 15, 1900
	11. G.B. Wells; Commenced June 4, 1900, Finished December 1900
	12. G.B. Wells; December 30, 1900
	13. G.B. Wells; February 3, 1901 - March 2, 1901
	14. Finished March 23, 1901

62		1. G.B. Wells; March 23, 1901
	2. Fin[ished] November 8, 1901
	3. G.B. Wells; November 10, 1901, Finished December 7, 1901
	4. G.B. Wells; January 19, 1902
	5. G.B. Wells; April 4
	6. G.B. Wells; January 12, 190]
	7. No Date
	8. No Date
	9. No Date
	10. No Date
	11. No Date
	12. No Date
	13. No Date

Several additional boxes of Langley Collection correspondence, manuscript material, drawings and photographs were found in the Museum's rare book room, the Ramsey Room, after the organization of the main collection and the publication of the collection finding aid. This additional material has been included as a separate series.
Box	Folder

63	1	Aerodrome project - requisition vouchers (1899-1901)
2	Aerodrome project - requisition vouchers (1899-1902)
3	Biographical material - Samuel P. Langley
4	Biographical material - Charles M. Manly; ms. article by E.L. Jones
5	Clippings, 1893-1904; 1 of 4
6	Clippings, 1893-1904; 2 of 4
7	Clippings, 1893-1904; 3 of 4
8	Clippings, 1893-1904; 4 of 4

64	1	Correspondence, S.P. Langley - James T. DuBois (1898)
2	Correspondence, S.P. Langley - Charles M. Manly (1898-1899)
3	Correspondence, S.P. Langley - James Means (ND)
4	Correspondence, S.P. Langley - J.E. Watkins (1892-1900)
5	Correspondence, S.P. Langley - package of letters and drawings of engines (1900)
6	Correspondence, S.P. Langley - unidentified correspondents (1896-1898)
7	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Charles B. Ball (1891)
8	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Octave Chanute (1890-1893)
9	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Mendes Cohen (1891)
10	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Lawrence Hargrave (1891)
11	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Caroline Henry (1891)
12	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Mary A. Henry (1892)
13	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - A. Kastelic, Venezuelan National Railroad (1891)
14	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - William S. Rosecrans (1891)
15	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - D. Sulzberberger (1892)
16	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - Edward B. Wall (1893)
17	Correspondence, J.E. Watkins - M. C. Winlock (Smithsonian Institution)(1892)
18	Correspondence, miscellaneous (nd; 1893)
19	Drawings - Aerodrome A, from "Aeronautics" magazine, May 30, 1914
20	Drawings - reproductions of da Vinci aeronautical designs
21	Drawings - miscellaneous drawings
22	Manuscripts, Papers, Articles - Langley, Mechanical Flight, mimeo draft excerpt
23	Manuscripts, Papers, Articles - "The Langley Airplane", statement by Dr. Walcott (nd) - Aerodrome exhibit label
24	Manuscripts, Papers, Articles - "When Men Have Wings", Gibson Gardner, from "Technical World Magazine" (nd)
25	Manuscripts, Papers, Articles - written notes on Aerodrome design (nd)
26	Manuscripts, Papers, Articles - notebook with drawings, calculations, notes (1892)
27	Miscellaneous notes (1892-1899)
28	Miscellaneous notes, publications
29	Photographs - Aerodrome A, rebuilt by Glenn Curtiss (1914)
30	Photographs - rubber pull Aerodrome No. 26 (1889)
31	Photographs - unidentified apparatus
32	Photographs - unidentified test rig, November 27, 1897
33	Experiments in Aerodynamics - proof copy with Langley's corrections (former NASM display)

65		Scrapbook - Aeronautica [September 1890 - February 1892]

Subject

Contents

Folder Number

Langley (Samuel P.), General

Photos

AL-198600-80

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.), General, NASM

Photos

AL-198601-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198601-99

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome A (Great Aerodrome, Man-Carrying Aerodrome)

Documents

AL-198603-01

Photos

AL-198603-80

Negatives

AL-198603-85

Photo Dupes

AL-198603-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome A, Curtiss 1914 Rebuild

Documents

AL-198605-01

Photos

AL-198605-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198605-96

Photo Dupes

AL-198605-97

Photo Dupes

AL-198605-98

Photo Dupes

AL-198605-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome A, NASM

Documents

AL-198607-01

Photos

AL-198607-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198607-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodromes, Numbered, General

Photos

AL-198610-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198610-99

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 0 (1891)

Photo Dupes

AL-198612-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 1 (1891)

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 2 (1892)

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 3 (1892)

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 4 (1895)

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 5 (1895-96)

Documents

AL-198622-01

Photos

AL-198622-80

Transparencies

AL-198622-90

Photo Dupes

AL-198622-98

Photo Dupes

AL-198622-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Aerodrome No 6 (1895-96)

Documents

AL-198624-01

Photos

AL-198624-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198624-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Clockwork Model

Photos

AL-198628-80

Langley (Samuel P.) Gliding Model Aerodromes (1895)

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Ladder Kite (1896)

Photos

AL-198635-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198635-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodromes, General

Documents

AL-198640-01

Photos

AL-198640-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198640-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 4 (1895)

Photo Dupes

AL-198648-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 11

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 13

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 14

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 15

Photo Dupes

AL-198670-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 19

Photos

AL-198678-80

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 20

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 21

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 22

Photos

AL-198684-80

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 23

Photos

AL-198686-80

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 24

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 25

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 26

Photo Dupes

AL-198692-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 27

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 28

Photos

AL-198696-80

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 30

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Model Aerodrome No 31

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Proposed Man-Carrying Aerodrome (1898-99)

Documents

AL-198710-01

Photo Dupes

AL-198710-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) "Quarter-Size" Aerodrome (1900-01)

Documents

AL-198720-01

Photos

AL-198720-80

Negatives

AL-198720-85

Photo Dupes

AL-198720-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) "Rubber-Pull" Model Aerodrome (1895-96)

Photos

AL-198730-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198730-99

Images available

Langley (Samuel P.) Whirling Arm (1888-90)

Photos

AL-198740-80

Photo Dupes

AL-198740-99

Images available

Biographies Series Technical Files

Subject

Contents

Folder Number

Langley, Samuel Pierpont, general

Documents

CL-094000-01

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by)

Documents

CL-094000-02

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by/Aero)

Documents

CL-094000-03

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by/Aero)

Documents

CL-094000-04

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by/Astro)

Documents

CL-094000-05

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by/Astro)

Documents

CL-094000-06

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by/Rocket)

Documents

CL-094000-08

Langley, Samuel Pierpont (articles by/French)

Documents

CL-094000-09