This is a flight spare proportional counter from the SAS-1/Uhuru satellite. The rectangular box is filled with gas, and has a window at one end to admit X-rays. These rays ionize the gas allowing a charge to transfer from the casing to a central anode wire. The height of the resulting output pulse is proportional to the energy of the incident X-ray. The Uhuru satellite, launched in 1970, was the first earth-orbiting spacecraft dedicated exclusively to X-ray astronomy.
This counter was transferred to NASM by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in 2002.
This object is not on display at the National Air and Space Museum. It is either on loan or in storage.