This is a centrifugal pump designed and made by U.S. rocket pioneer Robert H. Goddard for forcing the propellants into the combustion chamber of a rocket motor. Most likely its dates from ca. 1938-1941, when he worked at his test site at Roswell, New Mexico, on his so-called P-Series, or pump series of rocket motors. The object was donated to the Smithsonian by the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation for the Promotion of Aeronautics in 1985.
This object is not on display at the National Air and Space Museum. It is either on loan or in storage.