Foil: 52 Panel: 2 Column: 2 Line: 9

Wall of Honor Level:
Air and Space Sponsor

Honored by:
Ann Mcneff

Jules McNeff served as Global Positioning System (GPS) Program Element Monitor at Air Force Headquarters in the Pentagon from 1986-89, as GPS focal point in the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3I) and Acquisition & Technology (A&T) from 1989-96, in industry supporting the National Security Space Architect from 1996-2002, as Special Assistant to the NASA Administrator from 2002-03, in industry supporting OSD Networks and Information Integration (NII) and the DoD Chief Information Officer (DoD CIO) from 2003 to present, as Director of the U.S. GPS Industry Council from 1996-2003, and as Director of the Public X-Y Mapping Project (non-profit) from 1996 to present. Also serve as Editorial Advisory Board member for GPS World magazine (1990-present) and as Editorial Advisory Council member for Inside GNSS magazine since its inception.

Specific Contributions to Evolution of GPS and
Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Technologies

1) Gained SECAF approval of 24-satellite GPS Constellation (1987-88)

Contribution: With technical support from GPS Joint Program Office, developed and provided coverage and availability presentations to Secretary of the Air Force (Aldrich) to obtain approval for 21+3 satellite constellation (1987-88) and incorporated terminology reflecting 24-satellite constellation in Federal Radionavigation Plan (1992).
Impact: Led to acceptance and adoption of GPS 24-satellite constellation as baseline for operational service.

2) Provided policy & guidance for GPS operational implementation (1989-96)

Contribution: Throughout tenure in OSD (1989-1996) provided clear leadership through consistent and firm application of stable policies and clear guidance to sustain GPS system installation and transition milestones. Directed biennial publication of DoD/DOT Federal Radionavigation Plan, Joint Chiefs of Staff Master Navigation Plan and regular updates to GPS Security Policy through the Assistant Secretary of Defense for C3I (ASD(C3I)).
Impact: Broad acceptance and incorporation of GPS applications in the Department of Defense (DoD) to ensure its full and effective implementation by the Military Services, so they could derive its maximum benefits in force enhancement, improved mission efficiency and increased safety of operations.

3) Built interagency cooperation and National GPS support (1989-97)

Contribution: Led DoD teams for Joint DoD/DOT Task Force on management and operation of GPS as a dual-use system (1993) and for Interagency Working Group which produced the first GPS Presidential Decision Directive (PDD NSTC-6) (1995-96). As Director, U.S. GPS Industry Council, drafted inputs to FY 1998 Defense Authorization Bill which affirmed and broadened the GPS PDD in U.S. Statute (1996-97).
Impact: The Joint DoD/DOT Task Force provided the first clear definition of agency responsibilities for management and operation of the GPS dual use resource, also provided impetus for creation of a DOT Pos/Nav Executive Committee mirroring the DoD Pos/Nav management structure and created the interagency framework later formalized by the PDD and implemented as the Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB). The PDD itself filled a long-standing void by providing a clear statement of national purpose for GPS and by formally defining agency responsibilities for management and operation of the system. The statutory language affirmed a national bipartisan commitment to sustainment of GPS and to its international acceptance.

4) Created the U.S. GPS Industry Council (1989-90)

Contribution: While in OSD (1989-90), recognized the need for, conceived and created the industry forum which became the U.S. GPS Industry Council. Convened first meeting of company participants at Overlook Systems corporate office to address munitions control issues. Initial participants included representatives from Trimble Navigation, Ashtec, Magellan, Magnavox, Honeywell, and Rockwell International. Later served as Director for the Council from 1996-2003.
Impact: The U.S. GPS Industry Council became a forum for the GPS industry to develop and coordinate industry positions regarding GPS issues and to provide a means for coherent interaction between industry and government on domestic and international matters affecting both national security and commercial economy.

5) Implemented SAASM, Navwar, JPALS, GANS/GATM

Contribution: Recognized the need, wrote the tasking memoranda for, and guided the initiation of the Selective Availability/Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM) project, the Navigation Warfare (Navwar) initiative, the Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS) program, and an initiative for use of GPS by the DoD in controlled airspace, called Global Air Navigation System/Global Air Transportation Management (GANS/GATM).
Impact: The SAASM project was intended to standardize implementation of security processing inside military GPS receivers to maintain cost equivalence as commercial equipment prices dropped dramatically. The Navwar program responded to a dramatic increase in global GPS utility and the obligation of the DoD to preserve GPS military value while locally denying that military value to an adversary. The JPALS program was necessitated by the elimination of the Microwave Landing System as the future precision approach and landing system for civil and military aircraft. It recognized the need for the military to reconsider its requirements and options, in conjunction with civil aviation authorities, in light of ongoing civil initiatives for aircraft approach and landing operations. The initiative leading to GANS/GATM acknowledged that the military had invested considerable resources in establishing and operating GPS and had not taken tangible steps to prepare for use of the already available signals to support military flight operations in controlled airspace (civil as well as military).

6) Negotiated agreements for broad international participation (1989-95)

Contribution: From 1989 to 1995, negotiated international agreements for military use of GPS by 16 nations of NATO and by Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Finland, Switzerland, Korea, and Japan.
Impact: Broadened international involvement and interoperability in military use of GPS among allied and friendly nations. Retained joint development content in Australian agreement in support of continuing mutual development initiatives and structured other agreements to reflect operational responsibilities in accordance with national policies and objectives.

7) Started Combat Survivor Evader Locator (CSEL) Program (1995)

Contribution: Recognized the need to incorporate positioning capabilities into future survival radio designs. Used the occasion of the highly publicized shoot-down and successful rescue of Capt Scott O’Grady to gain the personal attention of the most senior Defense Department officials and address this long-ignored problem. Conducted negotiations between the Services, the Joint Service Survival, Escape, Resistance, and Evasion (SERE) Agency, the Intelligence Community and the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict (ASD(SO/LIC)) and used a required response to the Congress to obtain consensus on responsibility sharing. Conceived a four-phase strategy that addressed immediate training in the near term and an evolutionary progression of positioning-capable survival radio equipment to replace the communications-only versions then in the field.
Impact: Personally briefed the strategy to the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition & Technology (USD(A&T)), the Service Acquisition Executives, and the Secretary of Defense. It was implemented as the Combat Survivor/Evader Locator (CSEL) program in late 1995. Total time between recognition of the need and implementation of the four-phase plan was about 3.5 months. This was achieved concurrently with my responsibility of chairing DoD involvement in the Interagency Working Group that was developing the GPS Presidential Decision Directive.

8) Marshaled defense of GPS spectrum allocations in International Telecommunications Union (ITU) (1997)

Contribution: In late summer 1997, became aware of initiative from Inmarsat to recommend signal sharing in GPS spectrum at L1 (1575.42 MHz). Convinced U.S. GPS Industry Council to intervene with the U.S. Government prior to the October 1997 ITU World Radiocommunications Conference (WRC-97) and to obtain commitment from the U.S. government to oppose encroachment into GPS spectrum.
Impact: Industry Council intervention directly prompted a broad set of industry and government initiatives including international outreach to build awareness of GPS utility and creation of an IGEB Spectrum Group to develop GPS spectrum strategy. These subsequent efforts resulted in deferral of Inmarsat initiative at WRC-97 and ultimate successful defense of GPS spectrum at the May-June WRC-2000 in Istanbul.

9) Responsible for second & third civil GPS signal decisions (1998)

Contribution: As a result of Independent Review Team technical discussions regarding GPS signal structures, recognized need for three separate civil signals. Convinced IGEB Senior Steering Group at negotiation session at FAA headquarters in March 1998 to adopt the three-signal solution as a means of breaking an impasse that was preventing agreement on a second civil signal location around L2.
Impact: Three-signal recommendation adopted by IGEB principals and announced by Vice President Gore in March 1998 public statement. After further extensive negotiations, this recommendation became the basis for the L1/L2/L5 civil signal configuration now being implemented in all GPS satellites.

10) Defined Terrestrial and Space Service Volumes for GPS Services (1998-99)

Contribution: Recognized the need to ensure continuing availability of GPS signals to space systems operating through geosynchronous orbit as new GPS satellite and antenna designs were contemplated. In 1998-99, with John Rush of NASA, conceived the idea of separate GPS service environments called Terrestrial Service Volume and Space Service Volume based on receiver altitude and GPS satellite signal coverage patterns. Developed signal availability parameters for each service volume which were included in the GPS Operational Requirements Document.
Impact: Assured that future space systems operating at altitudes through GEO would be able to receive GPS signals for orbit determination and other mission needs.

11) Advocated for adoption and implementation of U.S. National Grid Standard by Federal Government (1996-present)

Contribution: Became a Director in the Public X-Y Mapping Project initiative in 1996 to achieve Federal endorsement of a civil coordinate standard for precise georeferencing using space systems and imagery, enabling implementation of user-friendly and efficient location-based emergency response and mobile electronic commerce (m-commerce) based on GPS. Provided the leadership and energy, working with technical expert and colleague Tom Terry, to gain federal government adoption of the new standard, the U.S. National Grid (USNG), by the Federal Geographic Data Committee in December 2001.
Impact: To date, the USNG has been embraced by several State agencies across the country, most notably in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Texas, based on recent hurricane emergency response experiences. It is also being adopted for highway signage in Minnesota and for earthquake response preparations in California. It is mandated for use in emergency response and Urban Search and Rescue by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. As it is implemented nationwide, the USNG will provide a standard grid structure to facilitate civil use of GPS receivers with large-scale maps (road maps, city maps, recreational maps, land-use maps etc.) and to provide professional and public users a common, symmetrical, easy to apply and (most important) non-proprietary means of relating GPS positions to physical locations anywhere in the nation. The USNG is a civilianized version of the Military Grid Reference System, based on Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM), which is already resident in most GPS equipment. USNG contains truncation features to make it simple for the public to use and understand -- within a given USNG grid zone, 2 letters and 8 numbers (e.g. AB12345678) will uniquely locate any position to an accuracy of 10 meters. Also, since it is based on UTM, a global grid structure, it is globally extendable. Once fully adopted, it will improve ease of use for GPS equipment in nationwide E911, general emergency response, disaster response, and in the growth of mobile commerce linked to the wireless Internet as those capabilities evolve. The USNG will be a principal integrating mechanism to create spatial interoperability nationwide among multi-jurisdictional civil first-responder organizations and, when necessary, between those organizations and the military to support any and all domestic emergency response and disaster relief operations.

12) Drafted Report for the Defense Science Board Task Force on the Future of GPS (2005)

Contribution: Drafted the complete final report of the Defense Science Board (DSB) Task Force on the Future of GPS (with contributions from William Delaney & Dr. Brad Parkinson). The DSB Task Force conducted several meetings from June 2004 to January 2005 covering all aspects of the GPS program.
Impact: The report was completed and reviewed by September, and after its release in October was briefed by the Task Force co-chair, Dr. James Schlesinger, to the heads of the Military Departments and to the Deputy Secretary and Secretary of Defense. It provided several recommendations regarding future composition of the GPS satellites and user equipment as well as applications of GPS technology. In particular, it recommended adoption of the U.S. National Grid for uniformity in spatial operations between military and civil emergency responders and it recommended execution of a National Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Architecture to guide future investment decisions by the U.S. Government.

13) Advocated for and led development of a National PNT Architecture (2006-10)

Contribution: Served on behalf of OSD(NII) as the DoD co-chair of the National PNT Architecture Development Team and subsequent Architecture Transition Team. Beginning in 1999, recommended development of a comprehensive national architecture for GPS in a GPS World magazine article. Expanded the recommendation to include entire PNT system-of-systems in the report of the DSB Task Force in 2005. During discussion of the DSB findings by the DoD PNT Executive Committee in summer 2005, convinced the Committee chairman, the Assistant Secretary of Defense (NII), that a formal architecture was necessary to provide a framework for evaluating future PNT technology alternatives and to inform future government PNT investment decisions. Also convinced the chairman that the Architecture must be national in scope to cover all government-provided PNT, not limited to that provided for the military. That recommendation was carried forward to the Deputy Secretary of Defense, who raised it with his civil agency counterparts on the National PNT Executive Committee, and the Architecture effort was initiated early in 2006, co-sponsored by the Departments of Defense and Transportation (DOT acting on behalf of all Federal civil agencies).
Impact: Over thirty government agencies from DoD and the civil sector participated from mid-2006 to late 2007 in the development of a first-ever Enterprise Architecture for National PNT systems and services. Beginning in 2007 and continuing to 2010, the same agencies developed alternatives for follow-on transition and implementation activities. A National PNT Architecture Implementation Plan was accepted by the co-sponsors in mid-2010, and subsequent activities were expected to continue within the participating departments.

14) Led DoD participation in United Nations-sponsored International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) (2005-2015)

Contribution: Served on behalf of OSD(NII) as lead for Department of Defense participation in the International Committee on GNSS, sponsored by the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs in Vienna, Austria.
Impact: Purpose of the ICG is to encourage adoption of peaceful civil GNSS technologies by the developing world and to support a Providers' Forum for discussion by GNSS national providers regarding service compatibility and other topics of mutual interest. All current and prospective national providers of GNSS services participate, including the U.S., European Union, Russia, China, Japan, and India. Meetings are held annually, rotated among the providers. ICG provides a valuable forum for developing nations to learn of and apply PNT applications afforded by GNSS services. The Providers' Forum serves as a valuable multilateral venue for the providers to discuss their services internally and arrive at understandings and agreements regarding mutual compatibility and interoperability, information sharing, requirements for certification of services, and other matters.

15) Led DoD Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) for GPS Enterprise Modernization (GPSEM) and PNT Assurance (2010-2011)

Contribution: On behalf of OSD(NII), lead development of an AoA Study Plan to guide DoD assessment of alternatives for future GPS modernization addressing signal robustness and control and for future sources of PNT information that complement GPS and enable continuous service in instances where GPS signals are not available due to interference or physical obstruction. AoA involved OSD, Joint Staff, the Military Services and Combatant Commands.
Impact: Served as first step in implementation of long-term PNT system-of-systems architecture for the DoD to ensure continuous and consistent availability of PNT information to enable virtually all DoD missions.

16) Developed Taxonomy for Global PNT Services and Concept for a Layered PNT Architecture for Military and Civil PNT Applications (2008-2014)

Contribution: Constructed detailed taxonomy for all PNT sources and systems to portray the variety of technologies and services available to enable PNT applications of all kinds. The taxonomy was published in an Inside GNSS magazine article in 2010 and led to definition layered PNT architecture and to development of a graphic representation of PNT as foundational to the execution of Command and Control within the evolving electronic battlespace.
Impact: These concepts and products were seminal in the later development of key evolutionary PNT documents including most importantly the strategy for a long-term PNT system-of-systems architecture for the DoD to ensure affordable, reliable, and resilient PNT information integrated in systems and platforms supporting DoD missions.

17) Developed strategy for use of Enhanced Loran (eLoran) as a backup to GPS use in domestic Critical Infrastructure (2014)

Contribution: Developed detailed implementation plans and cost estimates for re-capitalization of mothballed Loran-C infrastructure in the U.S. and for conversion to eLoran configuration. Developed a dual-path strategy for simultaneously leveraging domestic and international opportunities associated with eLoran to benefit DoD and to satisfy the requirements in Executive Order 13618 for National Security and Emergency Preparedness communications.
Impact: These plans provided the basis for interagency deliberation of the use of eLoran to backup GPS use in domestic critical infrastructure. Establishment of a GPS backup was and is an item with strong Congressional interest, and eLoran has been shown through analysis and testing to be a viable and affordable nationwide backup for GPS timing as well as positioning. eLoran can also satisfy DoD needs for complementary capabilities to GPS in global tactical operations. Discussions regarding adoption of eLoran or any other GPS backup capability continues within the civil government agencies.

18) Analysis Report on Control of GPS and Related Precise PNT Capabilities as Dual-Use Technology (2016)

Contribution: This report demonstrates that the potential consequences posed by hostile misuse or disruption of the dual-use PNT technology portfolio opened by GPS is sufficiently consequential to require that U.S. officials limit sharing of sensitive information when discussing GPS and related precise PNT capabilities with foreign nationals.
Impact: The report investigates GPS and related PNT technologies in the context of other game-changing technologies. In terms of their dual-use utility and risks, GPS and related PNT capabilities are analogous to at least two other technology innovations that have appeared since the Second World War, atomic energy and the Internet. Each has a heritage initially rooted in its military utility. On the one hand, atomic energy has been subject to strict control and regulation since its emergence, and on the other, the Internet has been allowed to grow into a global capability virtually without constraint. The report found that all three technologies create tangible benefits for military operations and civil/commercial enterprise while simultaneously presenting substantial risk if they are misused or compromised for hostile purposes. However, only atomic energy has been implemented under consistent and strict military and civil control regimes that continue to limit the likelihood of its hostile misuse. Both the Internet and GPS/PNT have "outgrown" early security-oriented restrictions that might have constrained their acceptance, and with help from advertising and fanfare (government-sponsored, in the case of GPS), have evolved into global civil and commercial utilities. Both now also present significant risks due to the consequences of their misuse or disruption. The report continues to be integral to interagency discussions regarding protection of GPS and PNT technical information.

19) Prepared draft PNT and Navigation Warfare (Navwar) Inputs to Unified Command Plan (2017-2021)

Contribution: Initiated discussion between CIO and Joint Staff to include responsibilities for PNT and Navwar advocacy in the 2017 UCP to be signed by the President. Schedule for process did not allow addition of responsibilities in 2017 Plan, and broad support was lacking in the operational community. Engaged Gen John Hyten, Commander of STRATCOM, for support, and during contentious discussion in Joint Staff planning conference for the 2019/2020 UCP, Gen Hyten directed his representatives to add the responsibilities within the newly created USSPACECOM portfolio.
Impact: In order for the contributions and necessity for resilient PNT to be widely acknowledged by the operational community, recognition of its importance and assignment of responsibility for its advocacy must be officially directed to a Combatant Command in the UCP. This was accomplished when the 2020 UCP was signed by the President in January 2021.

20) Wrote DoD PNT Enterprise Strategy (2018)

Contribution: Drafted a strategy for implementation of the DoD PNT Enterprise. Coordinated the strategy across the DoD and after adjudicating and incorporating comments received, forwarded the strategy for signature by the DoD CIO. The classified Strategy for the DoD PNT Enterprise was signed by the CIO in November 2018, and an unclassified Public Release version was authorized and produced in August 2019.
Impact: This important document describes a strategy for the DoD to provide and assure a resilient PNT Enterprise to the U.S. military and its allies (the Joint Force) and to enable the execution of Navwar operations to maintain a PNT military advantage in support of national security and strategic military objectives. It defines the DoD PNT enterprise as a myriad of diverse PNT capabilities, integrated into applications in all DoD weapons platforms and systems, to produce PNT policy and Navwar Operations effects for the Joint Force, with governance provided by a formal management process implemented by statute and DoD policy. A principal feature of the new strategy is its emphasis on use of groundbreaking integration techniques for modular, open-system applications of PNT capability options which will dramatically increase the agility and flexibility of future resilient PNT applications in defeating evolving threats. It represents a fundamental change from previous approaches which focused on integration within GPS equipment to an approach that views GPS as one PNT source among many and is not constrained by GPS procurement limitations. The new strategy shows great promise in savings of future defense expenditures and years of delay previously anticipated for integration of new PNT options into DoD weapon systems across all warfighting domains.

21) Drafted Implementation Plan for Resilient and Survivable PNT Capabilities and Applications (2021)

Contribution: This plan documents extensive DoD initiatives to achieve early and lasting benefits to resilient PNT for the Joint Force through implementation of the DoD PNT Enterprise Strategy. It was prepared in response to Section 1611 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, Resilient and Survivable PNT Capabilities.
Impact: The plan describes how the DoD is currently fielding resilient PNT applications to complement GPS. However, more diversity is needed in operational PNT source options. The Strategy for the DoD PNT Enterprise provides guidance to achieve greater agility and flexibility in integrating diverse PNT sources for greater PNT resilience. In executing the Strategy, the DoD is moving rapidly to accelerate fielding of more resilient PNT applications through Service initiatives leveraging parallel DoD science and technology efforts to implement multi-source PNT capabilities in DoD systems using modular open-system approaches. Implementing these initiatives in operational systems will enable the Joint Force to match and outpace the evolving threat in a broad range of operating environments across the warfighting domains. The plan provides a forward-looking perspective on DoD’s ongoing activities in pursuit of achieving resilient PNT for the Joint Force.

AWARDS:

• Defense Superior Service Medal (1992)
• Stellar Award for Global Positioning System, Rotary National Award for Space Achievement (Rotary International) (1996)

PUBLICATIONS:

• "Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Satellite Navigation: Building on Success," International Space Policy Forum (Balancing U.S. Interests in Global Space Commerce), Space Policy Institute, Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University, May 1999.
• "Leadership in Satellite Navigation and Timing: Past Success – Future Challenge," GPS World magazine, Two-part article, October – November 1999.
• "One Last Thing…Lobbying for a Map Grid Standard," Geospatial Solutions magazine, September 2000 (with Fred Doyle & Tom Terry).
• "Global Positioning System Protection; Preserving the Invisible Infrastructure – A System-of-Systems Perspective," Briefing to Government/Industry, December 2000.
• "GPS as a Global Time Standard; Proposed Enhancements in Timekeeping and Dissemination," September 2001, for Institute of Navigation (with T. Bartholemew, A. Gifford, S. Pace, J. Levine).
• "The Global Positioning System: A Quiet Revolution in Time and Space," August 2001, IEEE MTT Transactions, 50th Anniversary Issue, March 2002.
• "One Last Thing…FGDC Adopts USNG – Time to Standardize," Geospatial Solutions magazine, January 2002 (with Fred Doyle & Tom Terry).
• "GPS in Aerial Warfare — A Matter of Precision," GPS World magazine, September 2003.
• "Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on the Future of the Global Positioning System," October 2005 (with William Delaney & Dr. Brad Parkinson).
• "Unhealthy, Unappreciated, Incompletely Understood: The State of Our System," GPS World magazine, January 2006.
• "The Other Shoe," Letter to the Editor, GPS World, April 2010.
• "GNSS Spectrum – Sharing or Protection?" Inside GNSS, May 2010.
• "Way Ahead for Military PNT – Changing the Game Changer," Inside GNSS magazine, September 2010.
• "Perspectives on LightSquared and GPS – History and Implications," GPS World Webinar, August 2011.
• "Soldiers and Civilian GPS - Dangerous (and Deadly?) Expediency, GPS World Expert Advice column, March 2012.
• "GPS Receiver Specifications – Compliance and Certification," Inside GNSS magazine, May/June 2012.
• "GNSS Performance Standards and Certification – Beyond Spectrum Protection (GPS Receiver Performance), Inside GNSS Webinar, January 2013
• "RF Spectrum Protection – What Does it Mean for GNSS?" Inside GNSS, November/December 2013.
• "A PNT System-of-Systems Construct - Layered PNT Architecture," April 2014.
• "US Government (USG) Interests in Enhanced Loran - U.S. Nationwide Backup and Complement to GPS," Report for DoD/DOT/DHS eLoran Tiger Team, April 2014
• "eLoran Path Ahead – U.S. Military and International/Domestic Strategy," signed by Deputy DoD CIO, August 2014.
• "eLoran," (Background and Way Ahead), Information Paper for National PNT Executive Steering Group, October 2014.
• "The PNT Enterprise – Where did it come from, Where is it going?" Inside GNSS Editorial, March/April 2018.
• "Control of GPS and Related Precise PNT Capabilities as Dual-Use Technology," Information Paper for Interagency (with Scott Grantham), September 2016
• "Strategy for the Department of Defense PNT Enterprise – Ensuring a U.S. Military PNT Advantage," classified versions signed/issued by DoD CIO, November 2018 (Unclassified Public Release version August 2019)
• "First Fix – the PNT Enterprise is Real," GPS World, November 2019.
• "GPS and GNSS: Confronting Dual-Use Realities," GPS World, EAB Commentaries, September 2020.
• "Implementation Plan for Resilient and Survivable PNT Capabilities and Applications," DoD response to Section 1611 of the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021, June 2021.